Environment Science 2000 - Issues

Environmental Science 2000 Blog 6

2009-12-08T14:38:00.000-08:00

*Blog Summaries*

Selection 33 At The Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima or Why Political Questions Are Not All Economic
Mark Sagoff

Mark Sagoff’s “At The Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima or Why Political Questions Are Not All Economic” primarily deals with issues concerning politics and profit. Sagoff’s key concept is “the limitations of economics in making environmental policy” (166). The beginning of the piece begins by looking at Lewiston, New York which was once home to a toxic dumping ground used the federal government for the Manhattan Project (166). Sagoff emphasizes the situation by writing about the Our Lady of Fatima statue that looked out onto the toxic debris field and how the entire shrine was empty because of the toxicity of the area (167). Next the essay objectives are looked at. Sagoff writes “This essay concerns the economic decisions we make about the environment. It also concerns our political decisions about the environment” (167). In addition Sagoff writes about how the economic decisions and political decisions about the environment should be the same (167). Continuously throughout his essay Sagoff writes about cost-benefit analysis to take the correct environmental actions (168). Sagoff supports the notion of cost-benefit analysis by looking at health and safety in cotton mills (168). In addition Sagoff looks at both the government and labor unions as he examines these issues. He writes about Congress passing the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, “that act among other things, severely restricts worker exposure to toxic substances” (168). In addition to this matter of worker health and safety Sagoff writes “there are some who believe on principle that worker safety and environmental quality ought to be protect only insofar as the benefits of protection balance the costs” (169). In addition he writes, “on the other hand, people argue-also on principle- that neither worker safety nor environmental quality should be treated merely as a commodity to be traded at the margin for other commodities, but rather each should be valued for its own safe. Ultimately the main question is “where cost-benefit analysis should play a decisive role in policy making is not to be decided by cost-benefit analysis” (169). Sagoff goes back once again at the end of his essay to look at the residents of Lewiston. Sagoff writes that the residents “demanded to know the truth about the dangers that confronted them and the reasons for those dangers” (171). The residents of Lewiston ultimately just “asked for an explanation, justice, and truth, and they were told that their wants would be taken care of” (171).

Sagoff, Mark. At The Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima or Why Political Questions Are Not All Economic. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 31 Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks At Cancer and the Environment
Sandra Steingraber

Throughout “Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks At Cancer and the Environment” Author, Sandra Steingraber pushes for the “need for further research on environmental factors in cancer incidence” (157). Steingraber uses her own diagnoses of bladder cancer as an example that environmental factors play an important role in how cancers occur (157). Steingraber writes that “bladder carcinogens were among the earliest human carcinogens ever identified, and one of the first human oncogenes ever decoded was isolated from some unlucky fellow’s bladder tumor” (159). In addition it is important to note that bladder cancer is on the rise and “the overall incidence rate of bladder cancer increased 10 percent from 1973 and 1991 (159). “Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks At Cancer and the Environment” notes that a significant of bladder cancer is connected to cigarette smoking but the real question is: “what is causing bladder cancer in the rest of us, the majority of bladder cancer patients for whom tobacco is not a factor?” (159). Author Steingraber then points to environmental factors for causing some of the bladder cancer cases. She points to “known and suspected bladder carcinogens in rivers, groundwater, dump sites, and indoor air” (159). Next Steingraber looks at what is stopping “us from addressing cancer’s environmental roots” (160). Steingraber points to the notion that humans are addicted to looking at genes and heredity but ultimately points out the fact that hereditary cancers are very uncommon (160). Ultimately Steingraber writes that “the ill effects of some of these genes might well be diminished by lowering the burden of environmental carcinogens to which we are all exposed” (160). Next “Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks At Cancer and the Environment” looks at Rachel Carson, author of “Silent Spring” which pointed out “the threat to human healthy created reckless pollution of the living world” (160). Steingraber writes that “the process of exploration that results from asserting our right to know about carcinogens in our environment is a different journey for ever person who undertakes it” (160) She also writes that “we must first look back into our past, then reassess our present situation, and finally summon the courage to imagine an alternative future” (160). It is important to examine our life Steingraber writes because “we carry in our bodies many carcinogens that are no longer produced and used domestically but which linger in the environment and in human tissue” 160). Additionally “because cancer is a multicausal disease that unfolds over a period of decades, exposures during young adulthood, adolescence, childhood-and even period to birth –are relevant to our present cancer risks” (160). The essay suggests that by looking at everything we can “survey our present situation” (161). Steingraber writes that “10,940 people in the United States die each year from environmentally caused cancers” which really hits home the notion that the environment is playing a major role in cancer (161). Ultimately to end her essay, Steingraber pushes the “principle of the least toxic alternative, which presumes that toxic substances will not be used as long as there is another way of accomplishing the task” (161). Steingraber ends her essay by writing “the principle of the least toxic alternative looks toward the day when the availability of safer choices makes the deliberate and routine release of chemical carcinogens into the environment as unthinkable as the practice of slavery” (161). In conclusion “Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks At Cancer and the Environment” strives for the elimination of environmental factors causing cancers.

Steingraber, Sandra. Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks At Cancer and the Environment. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 10 Life and Death of the Salt Marsh
John Teal and Mildred Teal

John Teal and Mildred Teal’s “Life and Death of the Salt Marsh” discusses the environmental importance of the salt marshes along the eastern coast of North America. They write, “along the eastern coast of North America, from the north where ice packs grate upon the shore to the tropical mangrove swamps tenaciously holding the land together with a tangle of roots, lies a green ribbon of soft, salty, wet, low-lying land, the salt marshes (Teal and Teal 41). The Teals write that “the marsh reaches as far inland as the rides can creep and as far into the sea as marsh plants can find a roothold and live in saline waters” (41). The essay looks at how the marshes have been harmed and destroyed. “Unfortunately, in marshes which have been disturbed, dug up, suffocated with loads of trash and fill, poisoned and eroded with the wastes from large cities, there is another smell. Sick marshes smell of hydrogen sulfide, a rotten egg odor. This odor is very faint in healthy marshes” (Teal and Teal 41). “Life and Death of the Salt Marsh” writes that humans are causing most of the problems in the salt marshes (42). The Teals write in their essay that “we destroy wetlands and shallow water bottoms directly by dredging, filling, and building. Indirectly we destroy them by pollution.” (42). Both John and Mildred Teal point to the increasing population along coastlines as being especially problematic to the salt marshes (42). They write that “the increase in population pressure along the coast will inevitably destroy more and more of the frail marsh estuarine system” (Teal and Teal 42). Although they admit some of the destruction can’t be helped, the Teals do suggest that a lot of it could be avoided though. They write that over-all planning is crucial to the survival of the salt marshes. “The very minimum of planning could be approached on the state level, but a more rational approach demands planning on the national level” (Teal and Teal 42). In addition the Teals write that “whatever method is used to preserve marshes, it must include safeguards against the increases pressures to develop because of the ever increasing population” (42). Ultimately “Life and Death of the Salt Marsh” is about saving the fragile salt marsh ecosystem. In conclusion the Teals write the salt marshes of the east coast of North America “must be preserved almost in its entirety if its preservation is to have any real meaning” (42).

Teal, John and Mildred Teal. Life and Death of the Salt Marsh. Ed. Thomas Easton. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 20 Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services
Boris Worm et al.

“Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services” by Boris Worm et al discusses how important preservation of our oceans really is. Worm et al write that “human dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences (91). Research has suggested “that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean’s capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations (91)”. However it is believed that biodiversity loss can still be turned around (91). Ocean ecosystems are vital to human populations. It must be noted that “marine ecosystems provide a wide variety of goods and services, including vital food resources for millions of people” (91). Worm et all write that the problems associated with biodiversity loss can be attributed towards “exploitation, pollution, and habit destruction, or indirectly through climate change and related perturbations of ocean biogeochemistry” (91). Worm and his team looked at research of coastal ecosystems, large marine ecosystems, and marine reserves and fishery closures to understand the “Impacts of Biodiversity on Ocean Ecosystem Services” (92-93). In regards to coastal ecosystems, Worm et al write “To test whether experimental results scale up in both space and time, we complied long-term trends in regional biodiversity and services from a detailed database of 12 coastal and estuarine ecosystems and other sources “ (92). They found that “an increased number of species invasions over time also coincided wit the loss of native biodiversity” (92). In terms of large marine ecosystems, “At the largest scales, we analyzed relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services using the global catch database from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other sources” writes Worm et al (92). Lastly Worm et al looked at marine reserves and fishery closures, and further questioned if the fishery could be revitalized. Worm et al concluded that “it is still possible to recover lost biodiversity, at least on local to regional scales; and that such recovery is generally accompanied by increased productivity and decreased variability, which translates into extractive (fish catches around reserves) and nonextractive (tourism with reserves) revenue (93). In conclusion “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services” looks at “the value of biodiversity to human well-being” (91). Worm et al “suggest that the elimination of locally adapted populations and species not only impairs the ability of marine ecosystems to feed growing human population but also sabotages their stability and recovery potential in a rapidly changing marine environment” (93). Furthermore Worm et Al end “Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services” by stating that “by restoring marine biodiversity through sustainable fisheries management, pollution control, maintenance of essential habitats, and the creation of marine reserves we can invest in the productivity and reliability of the goods and services that the ocean provides to humanity” (94). Ultimately Worm et al strive for the protection of one of Earths greatest natural wonders; the ocean.

Boris Worm et al. Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Ed. Thomas Easton. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

*Blog Activities*

Watch Blood Diamond the flim and reflect on it:

Blood Diamond is a recent Hollywood blockbuster film staring Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Connelly. Unlike most movies to come out of Hollywood, the concept of Blood Diamond is extremely real. The movie is about blood diamonds which are mined in many war torn African countries. The diamonds are sold to many diamond companies throughout the world and the profits go towards many conflicts and civil wars found within African countries. Blood Diamond is set in the civil war torn country of Sierra Leone. The movie shows the conflict between the government of Sierra Leone and rebel forces who partake in the diamond industry. Blood Diamond is about a captured diamond miner who finds a very large diamond but wishes to keep it a secret from his capturers and wishes to use it to reunite his family. Leonardo DiCaprio’s character works in the diamond industry and learns of this large stone. Together DiCaprio and the diamond miner work together to try to recover the diamond, profits await DiCaprio and the miner wants his family reunited. Ultimately the movie shows the dark but real side of the diamond industry. Blood diamond proves why blood diamond is a suitable name for many diamonds. The movie shows endless violence, blood, and the death that is all associated with the mining and selling of conflict diamonds. The United Nations defines conflict diamonds as “diamonds that originate from areas controlled by forces or factions opposed to legitimate and internationally recognized governments, and are used to fund military action in opposition to those governments or in contravention of the decisions of the Security Council” (http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html). These conflict diamonds not only finance civil wars, they promote the use of child soldiers, and ultimately squash democracy. With diamonds being popular throughout the world, this makes conflict diamonds a more than just a problem in Africa.

Above African men mine for Diamonds.

A young man lost his hands due to conflict diamonds.

*Blog Reflections*

Diamonds: are they worth it?

Personally I believe diamonds are worth it. As the ads suggest, diamonds really are forever. They are a timeless and classic gem that has played an important role in jewelry. With that said I believe conflict diamonds are not worth it. Conflict diamonds provoke violence in Africa and have caused dealth, disfigurement, and misery. I think it is important to acknowledge the steps that have been taken to stop the mining and selling of conflict diamonds. Most notably the Kimberley Process Certification Schme was adopted in 2000 to stop the trade of blood diamonds by providing knowledge on where diamonds were mined. This is important so that buyers of diamonds can be informed and make knowledgeable decisions. In addition blood free diamonds are available which further supports the cause of diamonds. Polar Bear Diamonds are mined in Northern Canada and are free of conflict. Each diamond features a polar bear logo and a certificate of authenticity. Although the mining of diamonds does scar the landscape, I still think the nostalgia a conflict free diamond holds is priceless.

Reflect on the Environmental Science 2000 class topics:

Currently Environmental Science 2000 has taken on the topic of water. Through influential videos water preservation has been taught to the class. We have realized how precious water is and how we need to protect it for future generations. Through looking at the sewage process and composting toilets to water issues in developing countries, it has become obvious that we need to take better care of water. Fresh water is such a small part of the Earth but such a large part of humans and ultimately we need to take better care of it.

*Additional Blog Activities*

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34323634/ns/us_news-the_new_york_times

In keeping with the recent theme of water woes, I found this article about how millions of Americans are drinking poor water. The article states that "more than 20 percent of the nation's water treatment systems have violated key provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act over the last five year." Furthermore this means over 49 million people have been infected with chemicals and bacteria. Although this is an American article, it makes one question Canadas water. I can only imagine how Canada's water ranks in terms to American water. This article puts water woes into perspective and pushes for safer water.

http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20091207/copenhagen_conference_091207/20091207/?hub=WinnipegHome

One of the biggest topics in Environmental 2000 has been discussing the Un climate change conference in Copenhagen Denmark. This conference includes 192 countries pushing to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The 192 countries are pushing to create a deal to help reduce greenhouse gases. A clear plan is needed to direct both developed and developing countries towards a common goal of saving the planet. In addition the article talks about how their is a crucial need to raise funds to set the wheels in motion.

Environmental Science 2000 Blog 5

2009-11-19T22:22:00.000-08:00

Blog Summaries

Selection 39 Towards Sustainable Development
World Commission on Environment and Development

The World Commission on Environment and Development’s “Towards Sustainable Development” is a piece all about sustainable development that outlines the importance of it. The World Commission on Environment and Development writes that “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (198). One of the key components of sustainable development is that it “required meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspirations for a better life” (WCED 199). One of the issues that arise is the fact that not everyone is getting equal chances at the acceptable way of life. The World Commission on Environment and Development informs readers that “the essential needs of vast numbers of people in developing countries- for food, clothing, shelter, jobs-re not being met (198-199). On the flip side many of us including a vast majority of North Americans are living beyond our means (WCED 199). The commission educates readers that sustainable development is integral to the health and survival of every aspect of Earth. The commission writes that “at a minimum, sustainable development must not endanger the natural systems that support life on Earth: the atmosphere, the waters, the souls, and the living beings” (WCED 199). Although much of the world is currently living beyond its means, the world needs to stop and take a step back and evaluate its actions before too much harm is done. The World Commission on Environment and Development explores the notion of common interest as being integral to the emergence and spread of sustainability. The piece is quick to point out that “the search for common interest would be less difficult if all development and environment problems had solutions that would leave everyone better off” (WCED 200). As in life the issue of sustainable development has many pros and cons for those involved. Working towards sustainable development “will require the reorientation of technology- the key link between humans and nature” (WCED 201). Technology is one of the key components that will help sustainable development thrive in both the developed and the developing world. Problems arise already as the World Commission on Environment and Development reports that “not enough is being done to adapt recent innovations in materials technology, energy conservation, information technology, and biotechnology to the needs of developing countries” (201). Lastly the commission states that the best way towards a successful future is the “need to integrate economic and ecological considerations in decision making” which can help eliminate the idea of winners and losers (201). In conclusion “the strategy for sustainable development aims to promote harmony among human beings and between humanity and nature “(WCED 202).

World Commission on Environment and Development. Towards Sustainable Development. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 23 Controversy at Love Canal
Beverly Paigen

“Controversy at Love Canal” by Beverly Paigen looks at the wide range of effects from dumping hazardous waste products at Love Canal. In the year 1942 the Hooker Electrochemical Corporation began dumping toxic chemicals in an old canal (Paigen 107). “More than 21,000 tons of 200 or more chemicals” had been dumped in the canal before it was turned into an elementary school and a housing subdivision (Paigen 107). Paigen writes that it was not soon after that “chemicals from the dump site migrated as a thick black oily mixture through the topsoil into the surrounding community” (107). The state failed to get involved until 1978 when on “August 2, 1978, Robert Whalen, then the New York State Commissioner of Health, declared a health emergency (107). A couple short months later after health studies, “the department announced the preliminary results of these studies; officials assured the Love Canal residents that the neighborhood was a safe place to live and that the community beyond the homes that had already been evacuated was not at any increased health risk (Paigen 107). Paigen then stepped into the picture administering health questionnaires that found shocking results. Paigen’s results showed a “strong geographical clustering of disease that appeared to be related to former stream bed and swales” (107). Most notably Paigen found the Love Canal was associated with a whole host of medical issues such as miscarriages, and birth defects like heart defects, mental retardation, and deafness (108). Paigen pushed the Health Department to create more studies and pushed them to accept the fact that the health concerns of the Love Canal residents was in fact associated with the canal itself (108). A battle was about to ensue between “the two opposing sides in the Love Canal controversy” which were the community and the New York State Department of Health (Paigen 109). Most notably the residents of Love Canal didn’t turn on Hooker Electrochemical Corporation as many might think they would have (Paigen 109). Instead the community fights the state which prompts Paigen to devote the rest of “Controversy at Love Canal” to showing how “several factors impeded a resolution” (109). Most notably Paigen states that “when controversies arise in communities as they inevitably will, steps can be taken to ease the situation and protest the public health (112). She writes of three important steps, first, “scientists should scrupulously adhere to the norms of their profession such as openness of data, peer review and criticism, and publication of evidence” (Paigen 112). Next “community involvement should be sought and used at every level of the process” (Paigen 112). Finally Paigen writes that “funds should be provided so the community can hire its own experts” (112). In conclusion the tragedy of Love Canal and Paigen’s “Controversy at Love Canal” has taught us a lot about the “scientific and political dimensions of hazardous waste controversies” (106).

Paigen, Beverly. Controversy at Love Canal. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 24 Restoring Rivers
Margaret A. Palmer and J. David Allen

“Restoring Rivers” by Margaret A. Palmer and J. David Allen discusses how important it is to preserve natural waterways and to restore unhealthy water systems. It is a known fact that from 1973 until 1998 that “U.S. fresh waters and rivers were getting cleaner” (Palmer and Allen 113). Something happened in 1998 and the trend began to reverse itself writes Palmer and Allen (113). “Restoring Rivers” strives to educate readers about how the degradation of water influences human life. It is estimated that “more than one-third of rivers in the United States are impaired or polluted” (Palmer and Allen 113). River restoration is thought to be the answer to many problems associated with polluted rivers. “River restoration means repairing waterways that can no longer perform essential ecological and social functions (Palmer and Allen 113). Palmer and Allen write in “Restoring Rivers” that the “United States needs regulatory and legislative federal policy reforms in order to improve the effectiveness of river restoration and thus the health of the nation’s waterways (114). Legislative laws in the past have helped with the restoration of rivers such as the Clean Water Act which was passed in 1972 (Palmer and Allen 114). “Restoring Rivers” suggests that “poor land stewardship” is to blame for the degradation of rivers in the United States (114). Palmer and Allen also write that “human activities and alterations of the landscape have diverse and far-reaching effects” (114). Additionally when restoration is undertaken, it most often fails (Palmer and Allen 115). When the process of restoration begins, the most common goals are to “improve water quality, manage or replant riparian vegetation, enhance in-stream habitat, provide for fish passage, and stabilize banks” (Palmer and Allen 115). Throughout “Restoring Rivers” Palmer and Allen look to the government for answers on how to better protect and improve the health of rivers in the United States. They write that the “solution to pollution is to reform federal, state, and local policies” (115). Furthermore Palmer and Allen write that “river restoration is a necessity, not a luxury” and suggest that the United States should invest more in “natural capital” (117). In conclusion to save the health and vitality of the rivers in the United States, it is imperative that the government works to improve the process of river restoration.

Palmer, Margaret A. & J. David Allen. Restoring Rivers. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Blog Reflections

Since there were no blog reflections I decided to reflect on what is currently going on in Envr 2000.

Currently we are watching "Who Killed the Electric Car?" which is a documentary about the dealth of the electric car and most specifically deals with General Motors popular electric car EV1. The EV1 was noted as a popular, stylish, fast car but it was also an electric car. Drivers loved the EV1 but this was not enough to convince GM to continue forward with the program. In addition to using local drivers of the EV1, the movie also uses celebrity endorsements to promote electrical cars and the EV1.The documentary also examines the rise and fall of electrical cars. The movie looks at how the growth of fuel cells and hybrids are the future of the car industry instead of electrical cars.

In addition politician Rob Altemeyer visited Envr 2000 to discuss green political matters. Mr. Altemeyer is the MLA for Wolseley and brought up many valid points in his presentation. Most notably Mr. Altemeyer talked about think critically in terms of how we spend our money. He presented his monthly spending from May 2001 and put his spending into the good, bad, and the ugly categories in terms of environmental effects. Rob Altemeyer helped to show the green side of politics and make sense of politics.

Blog Activities

Alex Steffen sees a sustainable future
http://www.ted.com/talks/alex_steffen_sees_a_sustainable_future.html

Throughout his discussion, Alex Steffen provides his optimism about sustainability and about how he believes better things are on the way for life. Steffen discusses two main points in his talk. Firstly he talks about the ecological footprint of society on Earth. He states that an ecological footprint is a measurable impact on the Earth. Currently the majority of Earth is living at an unsustainable level. Steffen believes that at current levels it would take 5 planets just to keep up with the impact of humans. He is also quick to point out that other estimates have been closer to a shocking 10 planets. Steffen’s second notable point about a sustainable future comes about when Steffen discusses the unfair use of the planet. It must be noted that the majority of unsustainable practices occur in the developing world and that the under developed world has a much smaller ecological footprint traditionally. Problems arise because the population continues to grow at unprecedented levels meaning the population of Earth remains quite young in age. Steffen believes this will be an issue in the future and that reducing our ecological footprint will be a challenge but completely necessary. Steffen also uses his time to push his non profit organization World Changing. Most notably Steffen discusses the “bright green city” which encourages a complete overhaul of the city. Steffen pushes for denser, more livable cities with better management such as Vancouver. Additionally he uses examples from Portland to encourage how green zones and a limit on the city is a viable option to urban sprawl. Throughout the rest of his talk Steffen pushes for sustainability and talks of promising changes that are already happening. He points to car share clubs, and a land mine detecting flower as examples that Earth is already taking a step in the right direction towards a better healthier more sustainable future. Lastly Steffen states that it will take beautiful tools to change the world which is a powerful statement about sustainability.

Additional Blog Info

http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20091104/wpg_consumerwatch_bpa_091104/20091104?hub=WinnipegBin

Recently concerns over Bisphenol A have surfaced again. This time the concerns are mainly associated with canned foods. Over "seven billion pounds of BPA are produced every year" and it is found in a multitude of products. This harmful chemical can be found in plastic water bottles and is now causing a stir because it is found in canned goods. BPA is associated with many health issues such as cancer, diabetes and reproductive probems. Although Health Canada believes that the levels of BPA found in canned goods are acceptable and that canned goods are safe, there is still cause for concern.

Common uses for Bisphenol A include:

Dental Sealants
Eyeglasses
Compact Discs
Photographic Film
Food Containers, Infant Bottles, and Reusable Water Bottles
Medical Devices
Polycarbonate for Water Pipes
Epoxy-Phenolic Resins in Surface Coatings of Drinking Water Storage Tanks

http://www.jsonline.com/watchdog/watchdogreports/34406849.html

Additionally the above article is also about BPA and the harmful effects associated with the chemical. Most notably the article suggests that Bisphenol A can be found in a shocking 93 percent of us!!!!

Environmental Science 2000 Blog 4

2009-11-03T21:04:00.000-08:00

Blog Summaries

Selection 28 Food Scarcity: An Environmental Wakeup Call
Lester Brown

Lester Brown’s “Food Scarcity: An Environmental Wakeup Call” is about how environmental degradation along with an increasing world population is putting stress on the food system causing food scarcity. Brown writes that “the environmental deterioration of the last few decades cannot continue indefinitely without eventually affecting the world economy” (141). “The food system is likely to be the sector through which environmental deterioration eventually translates into economic decline (142). Brown suggests that an increase in the price of grain will be the first sign that we need an environmental wakeup call (142). Already there are over 800 million starving people in the world, a rise in the price of grain could add millions more (142). Therefore environmental degradation is a serious problem especially when you consider how many people could be affected by a rise in grain prices. Brown examines how “both the area of cropland and the amount of irrigation water per person are shrinking, threatening to drop below the amount needed to provide minimal levels of food security (142). Throughout time Brown looks at how irrigation, terracing, drainage, fallowing, and reclaiming land from the sea have been used to increase the amount of farmland available (142). As humans continue to both damage and change the landscape of Earth, amounts of available farmland has been drastically reduced. In addition “the world’s farmers are also facing water scarcity” (143). “Food Scarcity: An Environmental Wakeup Call” looks at how there is a constant fight between the city and the countryside over water which the city most often wins (142). “The bottom line is that the world’s farmers face a steady shrinkage in both grainland and irrigation water per person” (143). This is what ultimately leads to a food scarcity problem and will lead to the increase of what little food is left on Earth. As the Earth moves from a surplus to a scarcity situation, it is hoped that “food scarcity may provide the environmental wakeup call the world has long needed” (143). Brown examines two ways that the food scarcity problem can be solved which are by “stabilizing population and climate” (143). Additionally he writes “an environmentally sustainable economy depends on reversing deforestation, arresting the loss of plant and animal species, and stabilizing fisheries, aquifers, and soils. (144). Even though this seems like a lot of work just to avoid a food scarcity, it will benefit the entire planet as a whole. Most importantly to protect our food situation and to prevent a scarcity, we need to protect the land upon which our food is grown on. Cropland protection is integral to avoiding a food scarcity, Japan serves as a model country because it have strived to protect its rice fields at all cost (144). Another important step Brown writes about is preserving topsoil and reducing wind and water erosion (144). Lastly Brown looks at how Earth has even destroyed two out of its three food back up plans. “Until recently, the world has three reserves it could call on in the event of a poor harvest- cropland idled under farm programs, surplus stocks of grain in storage, and about the one-third of the world grain harvest that is fed to livestock, poultry, and fish” (144). Now sadly only the last option is available, thus the need to protect our environment in order to avoid a food scarcity is crucial. Ultimately Brown pushes that creating a more sustainable environment will help avoid a devastating food scarcity.

Brown, Lester. Food Scarcity: An Environmental Wakeup Call. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 29 Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems
David Pimentel et al.

“Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems” looks at the benefits of organic farming compared to conventional farming. David Pimentel et al write that “heavy agricultural reliance on synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides is having serious impacts on public heath and the environment” (146). Pimentel et al also examine how conventional farming has impacted the environmental and the health and wellbeing of humans. Pimentel uses the examples of the “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico and the destruction of large fisheries as prime examples on how conventional farming in harming the environment. Pimentel also looks at how “modern agricultural practices can also contribute to the erosion of soil” (146). “Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems” promote organic farming and look at its benefits. Pimentel et al write that “the aim of organic agriculture is to augment ecological processes that foster plant nutrition yet conserve soil and water resources” (147). It must be noted that organic farming is growing in popularity and the sale of organic food has grown to over 7 billion dollars annually (Pimentel et al 147). Much information about organic farming has come from the Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial which compares “organic and conventional grain-based farming system” (147). From 1981 until 2002, the FST has looked at conventional cropping, organic animal-based cropping, and organic legume-based cropping (Pimentel et al. 147). The findings of the studies state that “the crop yields and economics or organic systems, compared with conventional systems, appear to vary based on the crops, regions, and technologies employed in the studies (Pimentel et al. 148). Pimentel et al add that “the environmental benefits attributable to reduced chemical inputs, less soil erosion, water conservation, and improved soil organic matter and biodiversity were consistently greater in the organic systems than in the conventional systems (148). The previous statement supports the notion that Pimentel et al. are believers that the benefits of organic farming outweigh the benefits of traditional farming. Pimentel then discusses the advantages of soil organic matter and biodiversity; he states that “soil organic matter provides the base for productive organic farming and sustainable agriculture (148). It must be states that “soil organic matter is an important source of nutrients and can help increase biodiversity, which provides vital ecological services (Pinmentel et al. 149). On the flip side negative aspects of organic farming are also looked at, Pinmentel et al. inform readers that nitrogen deficiency and weed competition can become problems. (150) Pinmentel tries to write of solutions to the problems associated with organic farming. He even goes one step further and writes of organic technologies that could benefit traditional farming practices which further help to promote organic farming’s cause. Furthermore “Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems” encourages the continued expansion and growth of the organic farming industry.

David Pimentel et al. Environmental, Energetic and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. Ed. Thomas Easton: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 27 The Agricultural Crisis as a Crisis of Culture
Wendell Berry

“The Agricultural Crisis as a Crisis of Culture” by Wendell Berry examines the “cultural dimensions of sustainable agriculture” (137). Berry looks at the changes between farming in the past and the farms of the present and future. Farms of the past were “farmed by families who lived not only upon them, but within and from them (Berry 137). These former farms were very diverse producing many different products which promoted a market for selling surplus farm products (137). Berry admits that these farms were not perfect but suggests they are far superior to the farms of the present and the future (137). Modern farms are become much automated, they continue to be diverse but not as diverse as in the past (Berry 138). Instead of the typical family farms, “speculators and professional people from the cities” tend to own them (138). Gone is the dependence of farm families on their own produce and gone are local markets for surplus products (Berry 138). Berry suggests that “agriculture has shifted its emphasis, and its interest, from quality to quantity” (138). Berry’s thesis stands that “food is a cultural product; it cannot be produced by technology alone” (138). Therefore Berry suggests that by changing the culture and dynamic of the farm, that we are thus destroying agriculture. Additionally Barry writes that “a healthy farm culture can be based only upon familiarity and can grow only among a people soundly established upon the land; it nourishes and safeguards a human intelligence of the earth that no amount of technology can satisfactorily replace” (139). Throughout “The Agricultural Crisis as a Crisis of Culture” there is a suggestion that farming of the past was better than farming of the present and the future. “The best farming requires a farmer- a husbandman, a nurturer- not a technician or businessman” writes Barry thus suggesting that a back to the basics approach to farming would be more beneficial (139). “A good farmer, on the other hand, is a cultural product,” one that cannot be manipulated or replaced by city slickers with large cheque books. Berry ends “The Agricultural Crisis as a Crisis of Culture” by writing that “we can have agriculture only within nature, and culture only within agriculture” (140). Ultimately as we change agriculture, we are essentially changing the culture of man kind.

Berry, Wendell. The Agricultural Crisis as a Crisis of Culture. Ed. Thomas Easton: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009

Selection 41 Women’s Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation
Vandana Shiva

Vandana Shiva’s “Women’s Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation” helps to promote the role of women in biodiversity. Shiva begins by looking at the separate spheres of men and women. She writes that “the patriarchal world view sees man as the measure of all value, with no space for diversity, only for hierarchy” while woman are “treated as unequal and inferior” (Shiva 209). To sum up her argument, Shiva writes that “the marginalization of women and the destruction of biodiversity go hand in hand” (209). “Diversity is the principle of women’s work and knowledge” writes Shiva as she implies that “diversity is a women’s expertise” (210). In “Women’s Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation” Shiva shows how women have mainly had the role of preserving biodiversity (211). The example used discusses women helping to save biodiversity in India by saving seeds, “when women conserve seed, they conserve diversity and therefore conserve balance and harmony writes Shiva (211). Another example in “Women’s Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation” examines the connection between women and men in a business like environment and biodiversity. Shiva writes that “women produce through biodiversity, whereas corporate scientists produce through uniformity” (211). Throughout “Women’s Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation” Shiva goes above and beyond to educate and inform about how biodiversity is integral to societies survival. Genetic engineering is pondered by Shiva, she writes that it is being offered as a “green technology worldwide” (212). Shiva makes her stance on genetic engineering very clear by writing that “genetic engineering is neither natural nor safe” (212). She backs up her beliefs with a well constructed argument about how genetic engineering is a dangerous and harmful practice using support and information from the “Food and Drug Administration of the US” (212). All in all Shiva puts a different spin on biodiversity by including the discussion of women into her arguments. “Women’s Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation” proves that the information of women is “central to the preservation of biodiversity” (Shiva 209).

Shiva, Vandana. Women’s Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation. McGraw: Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Blog Reflections

List your food intake over the last 48 hours.
What foods do you eat regularly?
What environmental concerns relate to your diet?

2 apples
1 grapefruit
2 side salads
1 boneless skinless chicken breast
1 piece of whole wheat bread
2 cups of skim milk
1 serving of oatmeal crisp cereal
1 serving of chedar cheese
8 wholegrain crackers
2 tbsp of peanut butter
1 aero chocolate bar
1 tim hortons coffee
1 bottle of cranberry juice
a lot of water

On a regular basis I try to follow Canada's food guide so typically my diet consists of lots of fresh veggies and fruits, wholegrains, lean proteins, and healthy dairy products. I try to eat as much local produce in the summer as possible but find that to be a difficult task in the more colder months when local produce isn't as readily available. I'm pretty flexible on what I eat and enjoy trying new things. Additionally coffee and chocolate usually find a way into my diet on a regular basis.

In terms of environmental concerns and foods, I question all the chemicals used especially in the growing process of fresh foods. Being rasied on a farm, I've seen first hand all the chemicals that make their way onto the food we eat. I understand why the chemicals are used and ultimately see how it benefits the farmer but Im not so sure it benefits the consumer. Applying chemicals to kill weeds and to kill or displace bugs or insects doesn't seem like good environmental ethics. I think as more and more people begin to question their food especially in terms of environmental concerns, that organic farming will continue to rise in popularity. Organic farming helps farming to become more sustainable, healthy, and more eco friendly.

Consider the evidence of Affluenza around you.
Do you see it in yourself, your friends, family or North American society?
Can you take action to combat affluenza?

Affluenza is in society everywhere. Its impossible to deny Affluenza affects our society. You can see Affluenza by looking at everyday clothes, in vehicles including exotic sports cars and suvs, in over the top houses. In a sense affluenza drives society. People continue to try to improve their wellbeing and status, essentially just trying to keep up.

I think Affluenza is found in everyone to some sort. I will agree that affluenza plagues me. Its a very rare person that doesn't crave or want wealth. I know for myself, I think about big paycheques, expensive cars, and the glamorous lifestyle associated with wealth on a fairly regular basis. Everyone strives to succeed, and in todays society we determine success mainly by wealth. Affluenza is a predominantly clear idea in North American society. Just by looking at the size of new houses, consumer goods like hummers and iphones, and the effect Hollywood has on the world it is evident how important a role affluenza plays.

To combat affluenza, we have to examine our lives as a whole. By adding meaning and critically questioning our actions we can fight off affluenza. Thinking about what is really important such as friends, family, and happiness can help to fight off affluenza. Additionally organized days where we buy nothing helps to combat affluenza at the root of the problem.

Blog Activities

Carolyn Steel: How food shapes our cities:
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/carolyn_steel_how_food_shapes_our_cities.html

Carolyn Steel's discussion on "How Food Shapes Our Cities" helps to connect both the country and the city together. Steel begins her talk about how we take our food for granted and how humans don't value it. Steel evidence shows that 1/2 of food in the United States gets thrown out wastefully. Most notably Steel looks at the journey of food, she writes that it has to be "produced, transported, bought/sold, cooked, eaten, and disposed of." Therefore food goes through many processes and isn't simple by any means. Steel looks at how food and urbanism are continuing to increase and how they go hand in hand. "How Food Shapes Our Cities" also examines how our world can have 1 billion obese people but also have 1 billion starving people too. One of the main focus' of Steel is to examine how agriculture and urbanism expanded at the same time together over 10 000 years ago. Steel looks to the emergence of grain as a unifying force in this growth. Furthermore Steel looks at how food has come to cities through food miles, and looks at the role of markets and transportation. One of the Steel's most notable remarks is about how our food is essentially distancing us from nature, she uses box stores to suggest that this is happening in cities throughout the world. Lastly Steel encourages the world to become a sitopia which means food place and thus encouraging the world to become more shaped by food. "How Food Shapes Our Cities" encourages humans to celebrate and to enjoy their food. Steel suggests that small pockets already celebrate and enjoy their food, now she implies that it is crucial to unite all the small pockets together. To end "How Food Shapes Our Cities" Steel states that " if the city looks after the country, the country will look after the city" implying that if we take care of our Earth we will be alright after all.

Additional Blog Information

Photography by Rhett A. Butler

http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0831-hance_neolithic_climate.html

Environmental Science University Professor William Ruddiman talks about his theory that "destructive faming practices of early civilization may have alterered climate long before the industrial era." His evidence comes from the idea that rice paddies "could have realeased large amounts of methane into the atmosphere." Ruddiman has also looked at the impacts of the buring of forests, for example it could have "lead to a positive feedback mechanism, since the carbon released by the forests could have rasied ocean temperatures." Ultimately Ruddiman raises interesting questions about who is to blame for the destruction of our Earth.

http://travel.mongabay.com/deforestation_photos.html

As I stumbled across rainforest deforestation photographs, my jaw literally dropped. The devastation is astonishing and so widespread. All photographs are property of Rhett A. Butler.

Perhaps the above is one of the most devastating pictures. The above pictures make one question how clear cutting and slash and burn agriculture can be justified. The destruction of forests not only scars the landscapes but has huge effects on the environment.

http://wonderwall.msn.com/tv/EMA-Arrivals-Gallery-4780.gallery

On a lighter note. The 20th annual Environmental Media Wards were held last week. The awards purpose is to "raise environmental awareness through entertainment." The awards featured plenty of famous guests who are doing their part to improve the environment. On a side note, the usual red carpet was turned into a green carpet for the event.

Even environmentalist Ed Begley Jr walked the "green" carpet!

Environmental Science 2000 Blog 3

2009-10-21T13:49:00.000-07:00

Blog Summaries

Selection 16 More Profit with Less Carbon
Amory B. Lovins

In “More Profit with Less Carbon” by Amory B. Lovins the case put forward is that there is definite business pros associated with becoming more energy efficient. Lovins points out that “experts on both sides claim that protecting Earth’s climate will force a trade-off between the environment and the economy” (65). This is not the case and in fact the extreme opposite is actually the correct analysis. It must be noted that “climate protection would actually reduce costs, not them raise them” because “saving fossil fuel is a lot cheaper than buying it” (Lovins 65). This is a huge development which has spurred the likes of companies such as DuPont, IBM, British Telecom, Alcan, NorskeCanada and Bayer to implement changes in how they use energy (Lovins 65). Using energy more sustainably results in better energy productive factories, higher labor efficiency in proficient offices, and stronger sales in stores which use daylight as their main source of light (Lovins 65-66). Therefore becoming more energy efficient is a wise business investment that has many positive impacts. “More Profit with Less Carbon” signifies the important of becoming more energy efficient by informing readers that “preventable energy waste costs Americans hundreds of billions of dollars and the global economy more than $1 trillion a year” (Lovins 66). Lovins further looks at ways to become more energy efficient and to use more renewable energy sources. He writes that “enhancing efficiency is the most vital step toward creating a climate-safe energy system, but switching to fuels that emit less carbon will also play an important role” (Lovins 66). In order to become less reliant on carbon, society as a whole must become more efficient with the ways in which energy is converted, distributed, and used (Lovins 66). This is turn will greatly help to reduce pollution as well as fuel costs. “More Profit with Less Carbon” illustrates the point that energy efficiency doesn’t have to be a costly expenditure, and proves this by stating that energy-efficient products that were once pricey are now much more cost effective (Lovins 66). Lovins looks at all aspects of energy efficiency from light bulbs, to insulation, and even Pacific Gas & Electric’s smart design experiment called ACT2 (67). Additionally Lovins looks at another energy problem facing the world which is the automobile. “More Profit with Less Carbon” makes it known that “transportation consumes 70 percent of U.S oil and generates a third of the nation’s carbon emissions” (Lovins 67). Automobiles are extremely inefficient and Lovins provides evidence that this problem could be solved by simply reducing the mass of vehicles (67). Furthermore, alternative fuel salutations such as ethanol and the replacement of “oil with lower carbon natural gas” are looked at ways to make more automobiles greener (Lovins 68). Lastly renewable energy such as wind power is examined. Lovins finishes “More Profit with Less Carbon” by writing that global warmer is more cost effective to fix rather to just ignore the problem (69). Ultimately Lovins further restates the notion that “saving energy is profitable” (69).

Lovins, Amory B. More Profit with Less Carbon. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 16 Reinventing the Energy System
Christopher Flavin and Seth Dunn

Authors Christopher Flavin and Seth Dunn wrote “Reinventing the Energy System” to help reinvent how the world uses energy in modern times. In addition they help push society to cut its ties with oil and move on to greener solutions. Flavin and Dunn write that nobody “predicted the ascent of oil, the proliferation of the automobile, or the spread of suburbs and shopping malls made possibly by cars” (70). They note that oil, the automobile and the suburbs changed consumption habits and encouraged a reduction in sustainable living. The goal of “Reinventing the Energy System” is to move away from oil and mark the twenty first century as a time of new beginnings, and to create a better energy system for the world. Fossil fuels “provide 90 percent or more of the energy in most industrial counties and 75 percent of energy worldwide” (Flavin and Dunn 71). Therefore there is an astronomical reliance on fossil fuels in the world today, but Flavin and Dunn advocate the movement away from fossil fuels to greener solutions such as using the “sun, wind, and other renewable sources of energy” (71). A back to basics method is preferred by Flavin and Dunn although they admit it will take time but that the end result will be worthwhile. As we begin to run out of finite resources, the world will be forced to push and move away from fossil fuels. Flavin and Dunn write that before we run out of fossil fuels, “environmental and health burdens of using them may force us toward a cleaner energy system” (72). It is common knowledge that Carbon Dioxide amounts are the highest ever currently and that temperatures continue to rise thus creating climate change (Flavin and Dunn 72). To help implement change, “Reinventing the Energy System” provides solutions to the worlds energy questions. Flavin and Dunn point towards wind power, solar energy and fuel cell technology to guide Earth into the twenty first century and beyond (73). Most notably Flavin and Dunn they write that “the technology that could most transform the energy system” is the fuel cell (73). Additionally changes in energy systems “would be based on resources that are more abundant and more evenly distributed” (Flavin and Dunn 74). This would mean that “energy would become a more “normal” commodity, one not constantly on the verge of international crisis” which is the case with oil currently (74). One of the most exciting ideas about changes in world energy systems is that a new system based on renewable resources could possibly have a greater opportunity of scattering energy services more evenly (Flavin and Dunn 74). Lastly Flavin and Dunn encourage the movement to begin right now, they suggest that by making modest changes sustainability can be reached and that energy will become a respected once again (75).

Flavin, Christopher and Seth Dunn. Reinventing the Energy System. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 26 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

“Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis” produced by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scientifically looks at how climate change is occurring and how it is impacting Earth. Most notably “global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750” (IPCC 128). Carbon dioxide increases are a result from the use of fossil fuels and changes in land use, methane and nitrous oxide are occurring because of agriculture (IPCC 128). Primarily, Carbon dioxide is examined and is noted as being the “most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas” while more than 33 percent of nitrous oxide emissions are considered to anthropogenic (IPCC 128-129). The IPCC also looks at the effects climate change is having on Earth, they note that evidence is supported by “increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level (129). Supporting the cause that global warming is having a prolonged impact on Earth is the notion that of the previous twelve years, eleven have been the warmest ever record (129). In addition many long term climate changes have been looked at. They include “changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and aspects of extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones (IPCC 130). These findings support the IPCC’s notion that climate change is having devastating effects on Earth in both the short term and the long term. “Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis” links the effects of climate change to anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations (IPCC 131). The findings also suggest that continued levels or higher rates of greenhouse gas will result in further warming of the planet and will have even more devastating effects (IPCC 132). In conclusion the IPCC’s look at climate change shows both the “causes and effects of greenhouse gas-induced climate change” (127).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 3 Principles of Conservation
Gifford Pinchot

Gifford Pinchot’s “Principles of Conservation” looks at the emergence and the role conservation plays. Conservation is defined as “the wise use of natural resources to meet human needs and desires” (Pinchot 8). “Principles of Conservation” boldly states that “no other great movement has ever achieved such progress in so short a time, or made itself felt in so many directions with such vigor and effectiveness, as the movement for the conservation of natural resources” (Pinchot 8). The history of conservation as Pinchot states began with the forest industry and sprang forward at the “Convention of Governors at Washington in May 1908” (8). Pinchot notes that although conservation began with forestry, that it has now broadened to cover further than just natural resources (8). Throughout “Principles of Conservation” Pinchot examines three great facts about conservation. Firstly he notes that conservation “stands for development” first and foremost (8). Noted is the fact that natural resources are meant to benefit the people who live on the continent (Pinchot 9). Secondly, Pinchot writes that “conservation stands for the prevention of waste” (9). Lastly Pinchot advocates that “the nature resources must be developed and preserved for the benefit of the many, and not merely for the profit of a few” (9). This last fact ties in nicely with the Tragedy of the Commons theory and pushes for sustainability. Therefore Pinchot’s “Principles of Conservation “pushes the use of foresight, prudence, thrift, and intelligence in dealing with public matters” to ensure that conservation is taking place (9). Pinchot pushes the envelope and encourages conservation for not only the forest industry but for other facets of everyday life. Pinchot writes that conservation “applies to the body politic as well as to the earth and its minerals” (9). Ultimately Pinchot states “the application of common-sense to any problem for the Nation’s good will lead directly to national efficiency wherever applied” (9). Therefore Pinchot advocates the development and emergence of the role of conservation in “Principles of Conservation.”

Pinchot, Gifford. Principles of Conservation. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 4 A Sand County Almanac
Aldo Leopold

Aldo Leopold’s “A Sand County Almanac” is about the creation of “an ethical relationship between humans and the land” (10). Leopold begins “A Sand County Almanac” by “thinking like a mountain”, essentially getting back to basics and looking at nature from a different perspective. Leopold’s changing moment comes when he “saw a wolf die” (10). Leopold considers the effects that killing the wolf has on both the environment and the ecosystem. Leopold writes of the intense green eyes that he saw on the dying wolf which leads him to think about ethics (11). Leopold provides two definitions of an ethic, firstly “an ethic ecologically is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence (11). Additionally he writes that an ethic, philosophically, is a differentiation of social from anti-social conduct (Leopold 11). “A Sand County Almanac” goes on to examine two pre existing ethics that concern the association between individuals and secondly the relation between the individual and society (Leopold 11). Leopold advocates that there needs to be a third ethic “dealing with man’s relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it” (11).Leopold pushes for conservation in order to protect the land, plants, and animals we must begin to value Earth. Leopold writes that this third ethic is both “an evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity” (11). As Leopold pushes his notion of a third ethic, he writes that it cannot happen without “love, respect, and admiration for land, and a high regard for its value (12). Next in “A Sand County Almanac,” Leopold addresses the fact that both our “educational and economic system is headed away from, rather than toward an intense consciousness of land” (12). Leopold thus further pushes the importance of education to preserve the land and that the idea of ecology needs to be understood to succeed (12). Lastly Leopold writes that “the evolution of a land ethic is an intellectual as well as emotional process” proving that developing an ethical relationship between humans and the land will be challenging but overall very rewarding and worthwhile.

Leopold, Aldo. A Sand County Almanac. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Blog Reflections

National Parks
· Traditional Access
· Public Access Limited
· Part of the mandate to provide access

Can parks Meet Its Dual Mandate of Access and Protection?
I believe that parks can continue to meet their dual mandate of access and protection. By enabling visitors inside the park only by paying a fee, they are able to use revenue generated to put towards the protection side of its mandate. Although there is concern that visitors do more damage than harm, I still believe it is necessary to allow people to visit the parks to experience them first hand. I think we need to limit development within parks substantially though. National Parks are set aside because they are a valuable natural asset that needs to be protected. For examples does it really make sense to have a highway running through a park such is the case in Riding Mountain National Park? Areas such as Banff National Park contain a very large developed area that almost takes away from the natural wonder that Banff is. Therefore focusing less on development of parks and more on the environmental aspect will allow National Parks to continue to meet their dual mandate of access and protection.

How Can This Be Achieved in Wapusk?
Wapusk National Park has a much different situation than National Parks that are located in more southern regions. Wapusk is located in northern Manitoba on the shores of Hudson Bay. It is an isolated region where access is severely limited due to its remote area. Wapusk should be able to meet its dual mandate of access and protection. Firstly more people need to be given access to Wapusk. With the proximity of Churchill to Wapusk, Wapusk should tap into the large amount of people who travel to Churchill annually to see the Polar Bears. Obviously Wapusk will never generate the traffic that parks such as Banff National Park would so too many people will never be an issue. Possibly allowing helicopter tours would allow people access to Wapusk. Additionally protection can continue how it is already operating. I think additionally there needs to be more staff and funding for not only Wapusk but for all National Parks. In Wapusk, there needs to be better regulation of people entering and leaving the park, more protection for the animals and plants who call Wapusk home and lastly more attention paid to illegal hunters and poachers. All in all by increasing tourism with continued protection, the dual mandate of access and protection will continue to be met in Wapusk.

Blog Activites

Jane Goodall helps humans and animals live together
http://www.ted.com/talks/jane_goodall_at_tedglobal_07.html

Jane Goodall’s talk at TEDGlobal looked at the strong connection between humans and animals. Goodall began her discussion comparing the similarities between chimpanzees and humans, and notes how chimpanzees are the most like humans of any animal. Most notably, she compares chimps and humans in terms of things such as personality, childhood dependency, lifespan and age, the role of learning, and our means of communication. Goodall notes the striking similarities and spoke of a blurry line between humans and animals. “There is “no sharp line between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom” said Goodall. She further emphasizes her beliefs by saying that we are part of animals and not separate from them. While speaking at TEDGlobal, Goodall uses this opportunity to promote TACARE, which is a community conservation plan. The main initiative of TACARE is to improve the wellbeing of both humans but of the Earth and its animals overall. Goodall speaks of the improvements TACARE is implementing such as improving farming methods, reducing soil erosion, reclaiming overused land, and improving the quality of water. Furthermore it also aims to create schools in underprivileged areas and educates women on things such as family planning and HIV. Goodall also looks at how we must embrace conservation because although we are the most intelligent beings on Earth, that we are also the ones destroying it. She points to evidence like pollution, climate change, and global warming as evidence that we much make changes. Additionally Goodall also discusses Roots and Shoots which is meant to engage young people and to provide a message of hope to make the world a better place. She promotes the notion that we can all make a difference, and pulls on the idea that a journey begins with a single step. She pushes youth to question how our actions will affect the environmental around me. Lastly Goodall talks about the resilience of both nature and animals. She pushes humans to make better choices in order to improve the wellbeing of many animals but also the wellbeing of the Earth overall. Therefore Jane Goodall strives to connect and show how humans and animals live together, and she ultimately pushes humans to live better so we can protect Earth and its inhabitants.

Additional Blog Activites

http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20091019/layton_climate_091019/20091019/?hub=WinnipegHome

This article from CTV is about the last change efforts to pass a climate bill before the Copenhagen meeting on climate change. The Conservatives have put a motion in place to pause an NDP bill that has hopes to create stricter "greenhouse-gas reduction targets for Ottawa, and require the government to give progress reports" NDP Leader Jack Layton feels that this is Canada's chance to redeem themselves after failing Kyoto's goals of emission reduction. The leader of the NDP states that if the Conservatives are successful in putting a hold on his bill, that it will not be able to be passed before Copenhagen which would not help Canada's already stark and bleak case. Layton's bill is proposing to cut greenhouse gas emissions 80 per cent from 1990 emissions by 2050. While Prime Minister Stephen Harper and his Conservatives are pushing for a 20 percent reduction of 2006 levels by 2020. The article also suggests that the goals of Copenhagen is to replace the Kyoto Protocol which was created in 1997.

http://www.hydro.mb.ca/your_home/lighting/compact_a_bright_way_to_save.shtml

While driving in my car listening to the radio, I found myself listening to an advertisement about a Manitoba Hydro green initiative. Manitoba Hydro is offering rebates for switching to energy efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs). These bulbs use less energy and last up to 8 times longer than a normal incandescent light bulb. Manitoba Hydro is running there rebate from October 1 2009 only until March 31 2010 and is offering a number of different rebates. This Manitoba Hydro rebate encourages many people to make smaller contributions to sustainable living.

All pictures used were from the public domain and the information is courtesy of Manitoba Hydro.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS69fuCOhTM

I decided to include Pearl Jam's "Do the Evolution" music video because it looks at environmental topics such as how humans have had had a negative impact on animals. Pearl Jam uses whales as their prime example of this. Most importantly pollution is looked at in "Do the Evolution" and the negative effects industrialization has had on Earth. In the music video for "Do the Evolution," harmful toxic smoke is seen from factories escaping into the atmosphere to prove their point about pollution. Lyrics that state "this land is mine, this land is free. I'll do what I want but irresponbily" spins light into the idea that most humans are not living sustainably. Pearl Jam uses music and a graphic music video to shed light on the issue that the environment among other things needs to be treated with more respect.

Environmental Science 2000 Blog 2

2009-10-06T21:14:00.000-07:00

Summary of Required Readings: 6,7,11,12

Selection 6 The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis
Lynn White, Jr.

In the “Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis” by Lynn White, Jr. the main argument put forward is the idea that change is inevitable in the world at the moment. White writes that “all forms of life modify their contexts” and uses the coral polyp to provide an example of this ongoing change (18). White also implies that humans have changed and impacted the environment ever since mankind began to grow drastically in size (White 18). Next Lynn begins to examine the idea of ecology which is actually a fairly recent addition to the English language being added in 1873 (19). He further examines the impact on ecology beginning in the middle Ages because technological and scientific movements got their start in this time period (20). By looking at the Middle Ages it is clear to the reader that things definitely begin to change throughout this period of time. Most notably is the use of a different more specialized plow which was more powerful and could cut into the Earth more effectively. In “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis”, Christianity is somewhat singled out as a cause for Earths problems. It must be noted that “the victory of Christianity over paganism was the greatest psychic revolution in the history of our culture” thus proving the impact Christianity would have on Earth. Christianity puts humans above nature implying that humans are “made in God’s image” (White 21). Therefore White blames Christianity for many of the problems associated with our ecological crisis. As for a solution to the ever increasing problems, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis” points to the idea that their must be a relationship formed between man and nature. One of the most gripping parts of the piece comes when White writes that “hence we shall continue to have a worsening ecologic crisis until we reject the Christian axiom that nature has no reason for existence save to serve man” (22). Therefore in conclusion, it is important for society to realize that both man and nature are equal. Ultimately in order to reverse our ecological crisis that we must work with both man and nature to solve the problems of Earth.

White, Lynn Jr. The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 7 The Tragedy of the Commons
Garrett Hardin

Garrett Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the Commons” examines the idea that group shared resources will ultimately get ruined. Firstly Hardin discusses the notion of problems having technical solutions. He writes that a “technical solution may be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas of morality” (23). Essentially technical solutions are a welcome resolution to life’s problems. Unfortunately Hardin informs readers that there is a specific group of human problems in which there is not a technical solution for. Featured in “The Tragedy of the Commons” is the ongoing population problem. Tragedy of freedom in a commons was first written about in 1833 by William Forster Lloyd (24). The tragedy of the commons is a predicament in which a group of individuals act as individuals and put themselves before others. Eventually this leads to the destruction of a shared common resource even when it is known that it will not positively impact the resource and the people using the resource. Hardin uses the example of a shared pasture in “The Tragedy of the Commons” but also uses other examples such as the oceans and National Parks (25). Similarly a backwards action of the tragedy of the commons comes in the form of pollution where pollution is put into the water, air, and into the line of sight. Most importantly Hardin uses the tragedy of the commons to tackle the issue of population problems. He looks at the issue of how many children a family has and whether or not there should be a limit put in place. Although Hardin points to the United Nations as being a supporter of free choice of family size, he ultimately disagrees with this. Hardin writes that “freedom to breed will being ruin to all” which shows where his beliefs lie. Throughout “The Tragedy of the Commons” Hardin uses his examples of the visible tragedy of the commons to support the idea that the abandoning the freedom to breed is an important step needed to prevent another tragedy of the commons.

Hardin, Garrett. The Tragedy of the Commons. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Selection 11 Will Hurricane Katrina Impact Shoreline Management?
Orrin H. Pilkey and Robert S. Young

Orrin H. Pilkey and Robert S. Young use evidence from one of the most devastating hurricane’s ever; Hurricane Katrina to support the notion that the constant building and rebuilding of coastal areas is neither practical nor beneficial. Huge storm systems such as Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 have impacted coastal regions greatly by destroying almost everything in their paths. People living in the paths of these huge hurricanes continue to pick up the pieces after every pounding making Pilkey and Young question is it really worth it? Pilkey and Young use Dauphin Island, Alabama as a prime example to suggest whether the rebuilding of coastal areas is constructive. Dauphin Island “has a more spectacular record of recurring destruction than the Mississippi Coast” (Pilkey and Young 44). Pilkey and Young are quick to point out their view that “the US should systematically retreat from the oceanfront” (Pilkey and Young 44). In contrast they also look at the other viewpoint which encourages beach nourishment. Throughout the work Pilkey and Young do an excellent job looking at both sides of the issue but ultimately take the stand that its time to move back from the coast because nature is too strong of a competitor. Pilkey and Young point out that billions of dollars are essentially being wasted due to the constant building and rebuilding of the southern coastal areas and that number is only expected to rise with the number of hurricanes. Evidence also shows that the number of hurricanes along with the intensity is on the rise. To help solve problems associated with the coastal areas and hurricanes, the writers propose that a “national policy for the future, one that can be implemented with each storm” needs to put in place (Pilkey and Young 46). In addition concerns are addressed about the restoration of Louisiana’s wetlands and Barrier Islands, they question the extreme costs associated with the project and the mislabeling of the project as security against future weather disturbances (Pilkey and Young 46-47). All in all Pilkey and Young raise concerns about the practicality associated with building and the rebuilding of coastal areas after hurricanes. They firmly support rethinking the national coastal policy and hope the United States will come to terms that they cannot fight a continuous war against Mother Nature and hurricanes especially.

Pilkey, Orrin H., and Robert S. Young. Will Hurricane Katrina Impact Shoreline Management? Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Section 12 Ecosystems and Human Well-being
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005 titled “Ecosystems and Human Well-being” promotes the idea of making Earth more sustainable to eliminate degradation of ecosystems. The report uses many facts and an abundance of knowledge to push for sustainability on Earth. “Over the past 50 years, humans have changed these ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in history” (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005 48). The report showcases three major problems with the mismanagement of ecosystems. Firstly it is shown that a majority of the ecosystems looked at are being degraded or misused which includes “fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests” (Millennium Ecosystems Assessment, 2005 48). The second point, “there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems that have important consequences for human well-being” (Millennium Ecosystems Assessment, 2005 49). Lastly the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005 states that the negative aspects of ecosystem dilapidation are affecting the poor thus creating inequality and social inconsistency (49). These problems are major problems causing significant damage to ecosystems and come with very complicated solutions. Answers to problems would require “substantial changes in institutions and governance, economic policies and incentives, social and behavior factors, technology, and knowledge” (Millennium Ecosystems Assessment, 2005 49). Additionally the report presents four problems that need to be looked at, along with solutions to the issues. Problem 1 looks at how humans have ultimately increased Earths degradation over the last half century thus causing a loss of biodiversity (49). Problem 2 examines how degradation has benefited some groups but at the cost of the environment but on the flip side has crated hardships for others (50). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment’s third problem looks at how the “degradation of ecosystem services could grow significantly worse” in the next half of the twenty first century (51). Lastly the test to undo the damage done to ecosystems is looked at, with potential solutions also examined (Ecosystems Assessment, 2005 52). The report concludes with the idea that humans need to be on board to make these changes a reality. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has a drab optimism in the ability of mankind to band together to make the necessary changes happen.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Ed. Thomas Easton, New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Blog Reflections

Reliance
Consider one 30 minute period of your day yesterday.
How did you rely on the environment in physical ways?

I considered 30 minutes of my commute to work and looked at my reliance on the environment. Most importantly my car needs to be looked at. Without the environment and natural resources, driving a car would not be possible. Things like the gas, oil, the rubber tires, and even the metal components of the car were all once part of nature. Furthermore things inside the car such as my coffee was at one point were part of the environment. The road driven on is essentially a rough form of the environment lost inside a concrete jungle. Therefore the physical environment impacts our lives greatly and plays an integral role of many day to day activities.

Connect/Disconnect
What promotes human connection to nature?
What promotes disconnection from nature?

Human connection to nature can be promoted by spending time in nature and in the environment. Getting outdoors and connecting with an ecosystem is one of the greatest ways to create a connection with nature. Activities such as walking, hiking, gardening all help to promote and instill a sense of love of nature. Additionally I think anything to do with the environmental movement also helps promote a greater sense of nature. I also believe weather plays a motivating factor for a connection to nature. With nicer weather, a stronger connection to nature is encouraged. This is especially evident in Manitoba where winters are generally very cold and snowy while summers are typically more hot and dry.

Additionally disconnection from nature is promoted by many urban landscapes in my opinion. Concrete jungles full of large building, sidewalks and ashpalt streets push people away from nature and the environment. Living in the city where greenspace is limited and the air is often polluted makes one feel further away from nature and the beauty of the natural landscape.

Purpose of Connecting
Is a deeper connection to nature likely to influence our decisions?
Management?
Resource use?
Waste generation?
Values?

Overall a deeper connection to nature will influence decisions greatly. By becoming closer to the environment, one won’t want to impact it in a harmful way. It will allow an individual to question their actions and push to be environmentally conscious as possible. In terms of management, a deeper connection to nature will help one to be more sustainable in their choices. Being closer connected to Earth will help cut resource use, and help push one to try to find alternative sources. For example one would try to use recyclable or renewable resources in a healthy manner instead of using nonrenewable resources. Having a closer relationship with the environment will also help with waste generation. When one is closer to the environment, it is possible to see the damages associated with waste. Not only will the effects of waste be noticeable but it will enable one to strive to create as little waste as possible. This is where the principle of reduce, recycle, and reuse comes into play. Overall someone with a deeper connection to nature will have stronger values and environmental ethics. It will help to enable the push to appreciate nature more. Therefore it can be stated that a deeper connection to nature and the environment is likely to influence our decisions is a positive way.

Environment Ethics
Where do your environmental ethics lie?
Anthropocentric?
Biocentric?
Ecocentric?

I’ll be totally 100 percent honest; my environmental ethics primarily lie in the biocentric sphere but with certain tendencies towards being anthropocentric. I really truly try to believe everyday that every form of life is similarly important and that everything has a place in Earth. However being human, I quite often find myself having anthropocentric thoughts. Sometimes having thoughts and beliefs that humans are at the centre of importance can’t be helped. Living life, we often put ourselfs first and foremost instead of things such as nature or animal.

Blog Activities

Review and Reflect on the art work of Andy Goldsworthy
Andy Goldsworthy’s art work using both natural and found objects is astonishing. The most striking part while viewing his art came when watching the documentary “Rivers and Tides” when Goldsworthy talks about Earth not needing him, but implying that he in fact needed Earth to survive. It implies that although Earth doesn’t rely on humans, that humans have a strong dependence on Earth. Andy Goldsworthy realizes how fragile Earth is and tries to minimize his dependence and effects greatly. This quote is fundamentally the essence of his art. Goldsworthy’s art relies on the Earth in an environmentally conscious way. For example his snowball piece and the leaf circle show his innovative way to use nature in art without harming the ecosystem. His artwork and installation pieces simply go away without time and leave no lasting impacts on the environment. Goldsworthy acts as an environmental role model for everyone to follow, using sustainable and environmentally healthy art to get his message across.

Additional Activies

http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/Selinger-confirms-commitment-to-east-Manitoba-UNESCO-site-63631422.html
While reading the Winnipeg Free Press on October 6 2009, an article with environmental aspects caught my eye. The article shows that Gord Selinger continues to push for support to protect the boreal forest on the eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, an area full of ecological diversity. Along with making the area and UNESCO world heritage site, Selinger plans to help create sustainable job opportunities. The article also talks about a rather new term, eco tourism to showcase the greatness of the Boreal Forest. Hopefully Selinger is serious about the Boreal Forest and not just mainly looking for support to become the NDP leader and ultimately the new Manitoba Premier.

http://www.myfootprint.org/

Additonally I decided to take a quiz to figure out my ecological footprint. I first did this quiz in highschool, and also did it in Environmental Science 1000. Redoing it and after getting over the initial shock value of needing 4.56 Earths to live, I thought about the little things I could do to lessen the amount of Earths need to live. Things such as walking to school instead of driving, trying to recycle as much as possible or even shutting off lights as I leave a room will all add up. The quiz even made me think of bigger things that I can strive towards in the future such as trying to buy more organic and fresh local produce, looking at green solutions for housing and even considering a hybrid car. Hopefully by implementing little steps for now I can try to reduce my environmental footprint.

The above image is a creation of myself. The graphic is from www.freeclipartnow.com and is located in the free public domain.

Environment Science 2000 Blog 1

2009-09-24T23:24:00.000-07:00

Tracey Fingas

6853883

Envr2000 Sept 25 2009

Summary of Selection 42 How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
Jared Diamond

Jared Diamond’s How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed invokes the notion that mankind has the ability to decide it owns fate. Diamond makes reference to some of the great societal collapses known to Earth such as the Maya in Central America or Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean which helps to bring the problems of present day Earth into greater perspective (213). There is reference to the fact that environmental damage is not the main factor for the downfall of the societies but Diamond also strongly pushes the idea that sustainability is necessary. Essentially the idea of practicing sustainability to preserve the health and well being of Earth not only for the present but also for the future is the main argument.

Diamond, Jared. How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Ed. Thomas Easton. New York:McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Summary of Selection 32 Our Stolen Future
Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski & John Peterson Myers

Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers work together in Our Stolen Future to shed light on the idea that the animal population is showing a negative glimpse into the future human population. The essay begins with Rachel Carson’s influential quote “our fate is connected with the animals” which sets the tone for the entire piece (162). Throughout Our Stolen Future animal research accurately shows problems that can be traced to the human population later on. Most notably the example referring to DES or diethylstilbestrol proves the importance of looking at and examining animal studies as a useful predictor for humans (Colborn, Dumanoski, Myers 163). The title of the piece is significant and implies that if we don’t begin to listen to the animal perspectives that our future will be in fact stolen from upon us.

Colburn, Theo. Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers. Our Stolen Future. Ed. Thomas Easton. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

Summary of Selection 36 The Population Explosion:
Why We Should Care and What We Should Do
Paul R. Ehrlich & Anne H. Ehrlich

The Population Explosion: Why We Should Care and What We Should Do outlines what is necessary for Earth to be sustainable especially in terms of population numbers. Most shocking is the notion that Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich write that the ideal population of Earth is around two billion people which is extremely far from the already 6 million plus inhabitants on Earth currently (185). Throughout the written piece the Ehrlich’s write about the devastating impacts of a large population on Earth such as the eventual loss and extinction of plants and animals and the environmental degradation of Earth (185). Solutions to help maintain and eventually decrease the population of Earth are also mentioned with the regulation of birth rates being an important factor. In conclusion the Ehrlich’s strive to educate on not only population size but the need to reduce consumption and practice sustainable measures.

Ehrlich, Paul R, and Anne H. Ehrlich. The Population Explosion: Why We Should Care and What We Should Do. Ed. THomas Easton, New York:McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2009.

David Suzuki’s The Sacred Balance (excerpts on YouTube)
http://www.davidsuzuki.org/NatureChallenge/at_Work/sacredbalance.asp

The Sacred Balance by David Suzuki is a documentary about the role humans play on the planet Earth. A single quote found in the The Sacred Balance which states "every deliberate act entails responsibility" stood out throughout the series. This quote should be taken and thought of as a mantra for life. It helps represent the idea that we are all responsible for our actions. Mankind need to step up as a whole and take responsibility for their actions that have caused Earth so much hardship already in hopes that it is not too late to reverse the damages already done. Additionally Suzuki discusses how humans thought it was their "right to exploit nature" previously which is a startling but true analysis of not only the past generation but sadly of the current generation. The film techniques used throughout that part were especially chilling with the dramatic music combined with the devastating film of Earth showing clear cutting and the destruction of forests. All of the video left visual images in the mind of the viewer. Furthermore Suzuki later notes that the "atmosphere connects the human world with every part of nature" which was an interesting take on proving how everything in life is interconnected which relays the idea that what we do to the planet, affects the entire planet. All in all The Sacred Balance questions and makes the viewer evaluate the role of humans in the world.

Thinking Critically has been an ongoing theme in Environment Science 2000. From the first day the students have been asked to think outside the box and examine the world critically. I think David Suzuki's The Scared Balance needs to be looked at critically and examined using the 7 criteria of reasoning. Suzuki fails to see the good in the Earth especially in terms of experimental science. He openly critiques the idea that 200 years ago, modern experimental science changed the world and that problems began to occur soon after. Modern experimental science certainly has had its negative aspects on the world but has also had positive influences on the earth and its human population. In conclusion, the Sacred Balance helped to tie into Environment Science 2000 by making the viewer think critically.